pulmonary arterial hypertension pathophysiology

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex pathophysiological condition characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and elevated right ventricular pressure, often stemming from a variety of contributing factors including genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, medications, and comorbidities.

Genetic factors significantly influence the onset of PAH, with some patients possessing specific gene mutations that disrupt the function of vascular endothelial cells, leading to vasoconstriction and inflammation. Environmental factors, such as air pollution, high-altitude living, and smoking, may also contribute to PAH by impacting vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress levels. Certain medications, including weight-loss drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, as well as diseases like connective tissue disorders, liver conditions, and HIV infections, can precipitate PAH. Additionally, pulmonary conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea syndrome can trigger PAH by increasing pulmonary vascular resistance.

For individuals with PAH, it is crucial to avoid exacerbating factors in daily life, such as high-altitude exposure, minimizing air pollution, and smoking cessation. Regular medical check-ups and adherence to treatment protocols prescribed by healthcare providers are essential for managing the disease's progression. It is imperative to remember that any medication use should be under the supervision of a physician and should not be initiated without proper guidance.