how does sleep apnea cause hypertension

The development of hypertension due to sleep apnea is multifaceted. Initially, sleep apnea triggers recurrent episodes of nighttime hypoxia and arousals, which activate the body's baroreceptors and subsequently stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, chronic hypoxia can result in an increase in red blood cell count and blood viscosity, consequently elevating the heart's workload and vascular resistance. Additionally, sleep apnea impacts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, causing fluid retention and vasoconstriction. The interplay of these factors can culminate in hypertension.

Specifically, hypertension associated with sleep apnea is often characterized by increased nocturnal blood pressure, with daytime blood pressure being normal or only slightly elevated. This pattern is known as a 'non-dipper' or 'reverse dipper' blood pressure profile. Studies indicate that approximately 50% of individuals with sleep apnea exhibit a non-dipper profile, compared to about 20% in the general population. Moreover, individuals with sleep apnea experience greater blood pressure variability, which can lead to sudden spikes or drops in blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events.

For those suffering from sleep apnea, it is advisable to monitor blood pressure regularly and pursue treatment under medical supervision. Treatment options for sleep apnea include the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices, oral appliances, or surgical interventions. Concurrently, lifestyle modifications are crucial, such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, alcohol moderation, and regular physical activity. Patients who have developed hypertension should use antihypertensive medications responsibly under a doctor's guidance and undergo regular reviews to adjust their treatment plans. In conclusion, early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment approach are essential for preventing and managing hypertension resulting from sleep apnea.