hypertension pathophysiology pdf

The pathophysiology of hypertension encompasses various mechanisms, typically including increased vascular resistance, blood volume expansion, and dysregulation of vascular tone. These alterations can lead to persistently elevated blood pressure, adversely impacting the function of vital organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys.

Firstly, increased vascular resistance is one of the most prevalent causes of hypertension. This can stem from the hardening and thickening of blood vessel walls or from dysfunction of the vascular endothelial cells. As vascular resistance rises, the heart must exert more effort to circulate blood, thus increasing its workload. Secondly, blood volume expansion is another significant factor. This may be attributed to a decline in renal excretory function, resulting in the retention of water and sodium ions within the body, or to changes in vascular permeability that facilitate the return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. An increase in blood volume further exacerbates the heart's workload and places additional stress on blood vessels. Lastly, dysregulation of vascular tone is also a crucial cause of hypertension. This can be due to overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system or to the abnormal release of vasoactive substances like angiotensin II and endothelin, leading to excessive vasoconstriction. Excessive vasoconstriction further raises vascular resistance, creating a vicious cycle.

In managing hypertension, daily life should include a low-salt diet, moderate exercise, and maintaining a positive mood to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications. Moreover, patients diagnosed with hypertension should adhere to prescribed treatment protocols, monitor their blood pressure regularly, and adjust their medication under a physician's supervision, avoiding the indiscriminate cessation or alteration of medications.