portal hypertension pathology

Portal hypertension pathology describes a spectrum of liver and systemic disorders resulting from impeded portal vein blood flow or elevated pressure. This condition can precipitate severe complications, such as ascites, esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.

During the early phases of portal hypertension, patients might only experience mild symptoms like abdominal discomfort or slight bloating. As the disease advances, ascites may develop due to diminished protein synthesis and sodium and water retention associated with liver dysfunction. Ascites not only leads to abdominal swelling but can also result in respiratory distress and lower limb edema. Moreover, portal hypertension can cause esophageal and gastric varices, which are dilated vessels prone to rupture and hemorrhage, triggering significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In extreme cases, hepatic encephalopathy may occur, characterized by altered consciousness, behavioral changes, or even coma.

Patients with portal hypertension should avoid excessive salt intake in their daily lives to alleviate ascites symptoms and adhere to their physician's treatment recommendations. If symptoms such as worsening abdominal distension, vomiting blood, or tarry stools arise, immediate medical attention is crucial. Throughout treatment, strict compliance with prescribed medication is imperative, and self-adjustment of dosages or medication changes should be avoided to prevent exacerbation of the condition.