fundoscopy hypertension

Hypertensive retinopathy typically presents as alterations in the retinal vasculature, varying from mild arteriosclerosis to severe hemorrhages and edema within the retina. These changes not only indicate the effect of hypertension on the eyes but also may serve as a sign of the overall health of the systemic vascular system.

Initially, mild hypertensive retinopathy might be characterized by constriction of the retinal arteries and increased vascular reflectivity, potentially resulting from the sclerosis of the vessel walls. With further elevation in blood pressure, a phenomenon known as arteriovenous nicking may occur, where arteries compress against veins, impeding venous blood flow. In more advanced stages, the retina could develop cotton-wool spots due to ischemia in the deeper retinal layers. Hypertension can also precipitate retinal hemorrhages, including flame-shaped hemorrhages and hard exudates. In extreme cases, hypertension may lead to retinal detachment, an urgent condition necessitating immediate medical intervention.

Hence, it is crucial for individuals with hypertension to undergo regular eye examinations to detect and address any potential retinopathy at an early stage. Additionally, managing blood pressure, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and adhering to prescribed medication are essential strategies for the prevention and management of hypertensive retinopathy. Should a decline in vision or other visual disturbances occur, prompt medical consultation is advised.